that which is humble

hŭmĭlis, e, adj. [humus; like chamalos from chamai, on the ground, i. e.], low, lowly, small, slight (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. signif.).

Lit.:

arbores et vites et ea quae sunt humiliora neque se tollere a terra altius possunt,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37; cf.:

turrim humilem parvamque fecerant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 8, 1 sq.:

humilior munitio,

id. ib. 3, 63, 2:

(naves) humiliores quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus,

id. B. G. 5, 1, 2:

humiles habitare casas,

Verg. E. 2, 29:

domus,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 22:

postes,

Ov. M. 8, 639:

arcus,

id. ib. 3, 30:

arae,

Val. Fl. 3, 426:

virgas humilis mordere salicti,

Juv. 11, 67:

Forentum,

low, situated in the plain, Hor. C. 3, 4, 16; so,

Myconos,

Ov. M. 7, 463:

Italia,

Verg. A. 3, 522:

humillimo solo aqua diutissime immorata,

Just. 2, 1 med.:

avi similis, quae circum litora, circum Piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora juxta,

flies low, Verg. A. 4, 255; cf.:

decisis humilis pennis,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 50:

potest ex deformi humilique corpusculo exire formosus animus ac magnus,

small, diminutive, Sen. Ep. 66:

brevi atque humili corpore homines,

Gell. 19, 13, 3; Curt. 7, 4:

humiles Cleonae,

little, petty, Ov. M. 6, 417 (in Ptolem. polis ou megalê):

Troja,

id. ib. 15, 424:

ipse humili designat moenia fossa,

i. e. slight, shallow, Verg. A. 7, 157; so,

fossa,

Tac. A. 1, 61; cf.

radix,

Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 5.

Trop.

As respects rank, birth, fortune, worth, consideration, etc., low, base, mean, humble, obscure, poor, needy, insignificant (cf.:

supplex, summissus, demissus, abjectus): ut si parentibus nati sint humilibus,

Cic. Lael. 17, 90:

humiles nati (shortly after: trivio conceptus et educatus stercore),

Phaedr. 1, 27, 2: humiles et obscuri homines, Cic. Div. 1, 40, 88; id. Quint. 31, 95:

humillimus homo de plebe,

Liv. 3, 19, 9; cf.:

humilis in plebe et ideo ignobilis puerpera,

Plin. 7, 36, 36, § 121:

ne latos fines parare studeant potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expellant,

Caes. B. G. 6, 22, 3:

humiliores, opp. opulentiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 51 fin.:

hos Suevi vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 3 fin.: homines humiles, opp. amplissimi viri, Balb. et Opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 8, A, 1:

satis superque humilis est, qui, etc.,

Liv. 3, 53, 9:

junge tuis humiles, ambitiose, manus,

of the servants, Ov. A. A. 2, 254:

civitas ignobilis atque humilis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28, 1:

humilem sane relinquunt et minime generosum, ut ita dicam, ortum amicitiae,

Cic. Lael. 9, 29:

Viridomarus, quem Caesar ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem perduxerat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 39, 1:

qui cogitationes suas abjecerunt in rem tam humilem atque contemptam,

Cic. Lael. 9, 32; cf.:

nihil abjectum, nihil humile cogitant,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57:

aut nulla aut humili aliqua arte praediti,

id. Arch. 5, 10:

humiles et sordidae curae,

Plin. Ep. 1, 3, 3:

rei pictor,

Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 120 (dub.;

Jan. floridissimus): humilis atque obsoletus vestitus,

Nep. Ages. 8:

agna,

poor, humble, Hor. C. 2, 17, 32:

fortuna,

Juv. 6, 287:

domus,

id. 11, 171.—Hence, subst.: hŭmĭle, is, n., that which is humble or base, a low station:

ex humili potens,

Hor. C. 3, 30, 12:

quales ex humili magna ad vestigia rerum extollit Fortuna,

Juv. 3, 39.—

Prov.: Humiles laborant ubi potentes dissident,

Phaedr. 1, 30, 1.—

Of low, mean language: iambus frequentissimus est in iis, quae demisso atque humili sermone dicuntur. Cic. Or. 58, 196:

sermo,

Hor. A. P. 229; cf.:

neque humilem et abjectam orationem nec nimis altam et exaggeratam probat,

Cic. Or. 57, 192:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

humilia et vulgaria verba,

Quint. 10, 1, 9:

translatio,

id. 8, 6, 5:

si quis sublimia humilibus misceat,

id. 8, 3, 60:

quae humilia circa res magnas, apta circa minores videntur,

id. 8, 3, 18:

humile et quotidianum sermonis genus,

id. 11, 1, 6:

of the author himself: Macer... humilis,

i. e. commonplace, id. 10, 1, 87:

nil parvum aut humili modo, Nil mortale loquar,

Hor. C. 3, 25, 17.—

Of mind or character, low, mean, base, abject:

qui umquam apparitor tam humilis? tam abjectus?

Cic. Phil. 2, 32, 82:

ut ille tum humilis, ut demissus erat!

id. Att. 2, 21, 3:

humillimus assentator,

Vell. 2, 83, 1:

neque nos simus tam humiles, ut quae laudamus inutilia credamus,

Quint. 11, 1, 13:

privata deduci superbo Non humilis mulier triumpho,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 32:

succumbere doloribus eosque humili animo imbecilloque ferre miserum est,

Cic. Fin. 1, 15, 49:

animi,

Lucr. 6, 52:

si prece et obsecratione humili ac supplici utemur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 16, 22; 1, 56 init.; cf.:

fracto animo, atque humili aliquem supplicare,

id. Planc. 20, 50:

humillimae preces, Suet. Vit. Luc.: pavor,

Verg. G. 1, 331; cf.

metus,

Val. Fl. 3, 394.—Hence, adv.: hŭmĭlĭter, low, deeply.

Lit. (so post-Aug. and very rare):

in loco clivoso humilius rami arborum servandisunt, in plano altius,

Pall. 3, 13, 3:

eadem facta claritate vel obscuritate facientium vel tolluntur altissime vel humillime deprimuntur,

very deeply, Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 1. —

Trop. (acc. to II. B.), basely, meanly, abjectly, humbly (class.):

non est ausus elate et ample loqui, cum humiliter demisseque sentiret,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 24:

aut servit humiliter, aut superbe dominatur,

Liv. 24, 25, 8:

servire alicui,

id. 45, 32, 5:

audacter territas, humiliter placas,

Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:

animose paupertatem ferre, humiliter infamiam,

Sen. Ep. 120 med.

hŭmĭlis, e, adj. [humus; like chamalos from chamai, on the ground, i. e.], low, lowly, small, slight (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. signif.).

Lit.:

arbores et vites et ea quae sunt humiliora neque se tollere a terra altius possunt,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 37; cf.:

turrim humilem parvamque fecerant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 8, 1 sq.:

humilior munitio,

id. ib. 3, 63, 2:

(naves) humiliores quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus,

id. B. G. 5, 1, 2:

humiles habitare casas,

Verg. E. 2, 29:

domus,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 22:

postes,

Ov. M. 8, 639:

arcus,

id. ib. 3, 30:

arae,

Val. Fl. 3, 426:

virgas humilis mordere salicti,

Juv. 11, 67:

Forentum,

low, situated in the plain, Hor. C. 3, 4, 16; so,

Myconos,

Ov. M. 7, 463:

Italia,

Verg. A. 3, 522:

humillimo solo aqua diutissime immorata,

Just. 2, 1 med.:

avi similis, quae circum litora, circum Piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora juxta,

flies low, Verg. A. 4, 255; cf.:

decisis humilis pennis,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 50:

potest ex deformi humilique corpusculo exire formosus animus ac magnus,

small, diminutive, Sen. Ep. 66:

brevi atque humili corpore homines,

Gell. 19, 13, 3; Curt. 7, 4:

humiles Cleonae,

little, petty, Ov. M. 6, 417 (in Ptolem. polis ou megalê):

Troja,

id. ib. 15, 424:

ipse humili designat moenia fossa,

i. e. slight, shallow, Verg. A. 7, 157; so,

fossa,

Tac. A. 1, 61; cf.

radix,

Plin. Ep. 8, 20, 5.

Trop.

As respects rank, birth, fortune, worth, consideration, etc., low, base, mean, humble, obscure, poor, needy, insignificant (cf.:

supplex, summissus, demissus, abjectus): ut si parentibus nati sint humilibus,

Cic. Lael. 17, 90:

humiles nati (shortly after: trivio conceptus et educatus stercore),

Phaedr. 1, 27, 2: humiles et obscuri homines, Cic. Div. 1, 40, 88; id. Quint. 31, 95:

humillimus homo de plebe,

Liv. 3, 19, 9; cf.:

humilis in plebe et ideo ignobilis puerpera,

Plin. 7, 36, 36, § 121:

ne latos fines parare studeant potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expellant,

Caes. B. G. 6, 22, 3:

humiliores, opp. opulentiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 51 fin.:

hos Suevi vectigales sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 3 fin.: homines humiles, opp. amplissimi viri, Balb. et Opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 8, A, 1:

satis superque humilis est, qui, etc.,

Liv. 3, 53, 9:

junge tuis humiles, ambitiose, manus,

of the servants, Ov. A. A. 2, 254:

civitas ignobilis atque humilis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 28, 1:

humilem sane relinquunt et minime generosum, ut ita dicam, ortum amicitiae,

Cic. Lael. 9, 29:

Viridomarus, quem Caesar ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem perduxerat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 39, 1:

qui cogitationes suas abjecerunt in rem tam humilem atque contemptam,

Cic. Lael. 9, 32; cf.:

nihil abjectum, nihil humile cogitant,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 57:

aut nulla aut humili aliqua arte praediti,

id. Arch. 5, 10:

humiles et sordidae curae,

Plin. Ep. 1, 3, 3:

rei pictor,

Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 120 (dub.;

Jan. floridissimus): humilis atque obsoletus vestitus,

Nep. Ages. 8:

agna,

poor, humble, Hor. C. 2, 17, 32:

fortuna,

Juv. 6, 287:

domus,

id. 11, 171.—Hence, subst.: hŭmĭle, is, n., that which is humble or base, a low station:

ex humili potens,

Hor. C. 3, 30, 12:

quales ex humili magna ad vestigia rerum extollit Fortuna,

Juv. 3, 39.—

Prov.: Humiles laborant ubi potentes dissident,

Phaedr. 1, 30, 1.—

Of low, mean language: iambus frequentissimus est in iis, quae demisso atque humili sermone dicuntur. Cic. Or. 58, 196:

sermo,

Hor. A. P. 229; cf.:

neque humilem et abjectam orationem nec nimis altam et exaggeratam probat,

Cic. Or. 57, 192:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

humilia et vulgaria verba,

Quint. 10, 1, 9:

translatio,

id. 8, 6, 5:

si quis sublimia humilibus misceat,

id. 8, 3, 60:

quae humilia circa res magnas, apta circa minores videntur,

id. 8, 3, 18:

humile et quotidianum sermonis genus,

id. 11, 1, 6:

of the author himself: Macer... humilis,

i. e. commonplace, id. 10, 1, 87:

nil parvum aut humili modo, Nil mortale loquar,

Hor. C. 3, 25, 17.—

Of mind or character, low, mean, base, abject:

qui umquam apparitor tam humilis? tam abjectus?

Cic. Phil. 2, 32, 82:

ut ille tum humilis, ut demissus erat!

id. Att. 2, 21, 3:

humillimus assentator,

Vell. 2, 83, 1:

neque nos simus tam humiles, ut quae laudamus inutilia credamus,

Quint. 11, 1, 13:

privata deduci superbo Non humilis mulier triumpho,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 32:

succumbere doloribus eosque humili animo imbecilloque ferre miserum est,

Cic. Fin. 1, 15, 49:

animi,

Lucr. 6, 52:

si prece et obsecratione humili ac supplici utemur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 16, 22; 1, 56 init.; cf.:

fracto animo, atque humili aliquem supplicare,

id. Planc. 20, 50:

humillimae preces, Suet. Vit. Luc.: pavor,

Verg. G. 1, 331; cf.

metus,

Val. Fl. 3, 394.—Hence, adv.: hŭmĭlĭter, low, deeply.

Lit. (so post-Aug. and very rare):

in loco clivoso humilius rami arborum servandisunt, in plano altius,

Pall. 3, 13, 3:

eadem facta claritate vel obscuritate facientium vel tolluntur altissime vel humillime deprimuntur,

very deeply, Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 1. —

Trop. (acc. to II. B.), basely, meanly, abjectly, humbly (class.):

non est ausus elate et ample loqui, cum humiliter demisseque sentiret,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 24:

aut servit humiliter, aut superbe dominatur,

Liv. 24, 25, 8:

servire alicui,

id. 45, 32, 5:

audacter territas, humiliter placas,

Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:

animose paupertatem ferre, humiliter infamiam,

Sen. Ep. 120 med.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

ăbĭcĭo or abjĭc- (in the best MSS. abicio; cf.

ăbĭci,

Ov. P. 2, 3, 37;

ăbĭcit,

Juv. 15, 17), ĕre, jēci, jectum, 3, v. a. [ab-jacio], to cast away, to throw away, throw down.

Lit.:

in sepulcrum ejus abjecta gleba non est,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 23 Müll.:

scutum,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23:

insigne regium de capite,

id. Sest. 27:

socer ad pedes abjectus,

id. ib. 34; so,

se ad pedes,

id. Phil. 2, 34, 86:

se e muro in mare,

id. Tusc. 1, 34; so,

corpus in mare,

id. Phil. 11, 2, 5:

impelluntur, feriuntur, abiciuntur, cadunt,

id. Tusc. 2, 15, 36:

se abjecit exanimatus,

he threw himself down as if lifeless, id. Sest. 37.— Absol.:

si te uret sarcina, abicito,

throw it down, Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 7.—Also with in and abl., when the place from which a thing is thrown is designated:

anulum in mari,

Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 92 Madv. N. cr.; so, ut se abiceret in herba, id. de Or. 1, 7, 28:

statuas in propatulo domi,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3:

cadaver in viā,

Suet. Ner. 48; cf.:

ubi cadaver abjeceris,

Tac. A. 1, 22.

Fig.

In gen., to cast off, throw away, give up, etc.:

ut primum tenebris abjectis inalbabat,

as soon as the day, having dispelled the darkness, was beginning to brighten, Enn. Ann. v. 219 Vahl.: nusquam ego vidi abjectas aedīs, nisi modo hasce, thrown away, i.e. sold too low, Plaut. Most. 3, 3, 3: psaltria aliquo abiciendast, must be got rid off ( il faut se defaire d'elle, Dacier), Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26:

vitam,

Cic. Att. 3, 19:

salutem pro aliquo,

id. Planc. 33:

memoriam beneficiorum,

id. Phil. 8, 11:

versum,

to declaim it carelessly, id. de Or. 3, 26 (cf. with id. ib. 3, 59: ponendus est ille ambitus, non abiciendus, the period must be brought gradually to a close, not broken off abruptly).

In partic.

To throw off, cast aside care for, remembrance of, etc., to give up, abandon:

abicimus ista,

we let that go, Cic. Att. 13, 3:

fama ingenii mihi est abicienda,

I must renounce, id. ib. 9, 16: domum Sullanam desperabam jam... sed tamen non abjeci, but yet I have not abandoned it, i. e. its purchase, id. Fam. 9, 15:

abjectis nugis,

nonsense apart, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 141 (cf. amoto ludo, id. S. 1, 1, 27).

To cast down to a lower grade, to degrade, humble, Cic. Leg. 1, 9: hic annus senatus auctoritatem abjecit, degraded or lowered the authority of the Senate, id. Att. 1, 18; so also id. Tusc. 5, 18; id. de Or. 3, 26, 104.—Hence, abjectae res, reduced circumstances (opp. florentes), Nep. Att. 8; Cic. Quint. 30; Tac. A. 4, 68.

Abicere se, to throw one's self away, degrade one's self, v. Cic. Tusc. 2, 23: ut enim fit, etc.—Hence, abjectus, a, um, P. a., downcast, disheartened, désponding; low, mean, abject, worthless, unprincipled.

Quo me miser conferam? An domum? matremne ut miseram lamentantem videam et abjectam? Gracch. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 214:

plura scribere non possum, ita sum animo perculso et abjecto,

Cic. Att. 3, 2.—

Nihil abjectum, nihil humile cogitare, Cic. Fin. 5, 20:

contemptum atque abjectum,

id. Agr. 2, 34:

verbis nec inops nec abjectus,

id. Brut. 62, 222 al. — Comp.:

animus abjectior,

Cic. Lael. 16; Liv. 9, 6.— Sup.:

animus abjectissimus,

Quint. 11, 1, 13 al. — Adv.: abjectē.

Dispiritedly, despondingly:

in dolore est providendum, ne quid abjecte, ne quid timide, ne quid ignave faciamus,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 55; id. Phil. 3, 11, 28.—

Low, meanly:

quo sordidius et abjectius nati sunt,

Tac. Or. 8:

incuriose et abjecte verbum positum,

improperly, Gell. 2, 6, 1.